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Information on Equality and Social Justice in Israel

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Information on Equality and Social Justice in Israel

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Research

The Bottom 10 Percent Needs the Top 10 Percent: Social Welfare Services in Israel

A Military Budget for a Permanent War

Numbers that Reveal Abandonment: Government Allocations to Local Governments in the “Gaza Envelope”

What is Financial Inclusion and What Needs to be Done to Include Arab Society in Israel?

Op-ed

One Fell Swoop

Dark Years for Israel: Comments on the Proposed National Budget for 2025

Everybody is Talking About the Cost of Living in Israel but Nobody is Doing Anything About It

Per Student Investment in Education in Israel is Lower than the Average among OECD Countries

Research

Gender Lens Philanthropy: The Complete Guide to Promote Gender Equity through Strategic Philanthropy

The October 2023 War: Impacts on Women in Israel

The Social Implications of The Corona Crisis: Rivki, A Haredi Working Woman from B’nei Brak

Hidden Figures: How the Coronavirus Has Affected Women and Men in Israel

Op-ed

The Threat to the Economic and Personal Security of Arab Women Wrought by the War

Sisterhood of Gun Violence: Women will Bear the Consequences of the Arming of the Israeli Civilian Population

In Times of Crisis, Women’s Employment is More Precarious than Men’s

How Adva Center Worked for Gender Budgeting in Israel – And What Still Needs to be Done

Video

Gender Mainstreaming Municipal Policy

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Video

Gender Mainstreaming Municipal Policy

February 17, 2016

Three Examples for Gender Audit of Municipal Budgets

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Research

Israel – A Social Report 2022: The Inequality Epidemic Still Rages

Social Report 2021 – Corona: Epidemic of Inequality

The Celluloid Ceiling: A Gender-Based Analysis of The Israeli Film Industry

The Care Deficit: What it Means and How it Can be Reduced

Op-ed

In Times of Crisis, Women’s Employment is More Precarious than Men’s

More Hi-Tech ? What Israel Really Needs is More Help-Tech

Research

Israel – A Social Report 2022: The Inequality Epidemic Still Rages

The Care Deficit: What it Means and How it Can be Reduced

Where is the Other Half of the Age Cohort? Twelfth graders who don’t matriculate

Percentage of Students Passing Matriculation Exams, by Locality 2009-2010

Op-ed

Per Student Investment in Education in Israel is Lower than the Average among OECD Countries

Let Them Learn: It Is the Time for a “New Deal” in Higher Education

Research

Food Insecurity in Bedouin Villages Deprived of Recognition in the Negev Region of Israel

Budgeting Resilience Centers: Professional Decisions or Political Pressures?

Israel – A Social Report 2022: The Inequality Epidemic Still Rages

Social Report 2021 – Corona: Epidemic of Inequality

Op-ed

In war as in peace, Arab Israeli physicians’ contribution to Israel is essential

More Hi-Tech ? What Israel Really Needs is More Help-Tech

Coronavirus Crisis: Cheers are not enough!

What Happened to 20% of Israel’s Citizens?

Research

Food Insecurity in Bedouin Villages Deprived of Recognition in the Negev Region of Israel

The Bottom 10 Percent Needs the Top 10 Percent: Social Welfare Services in Israel

Shelters under market conditions: Residential shelters in Israel subjected to the ‘private market’ interests

What is Financial Inclusion and What Needs to be Done to Include Arab Society in Israel?

Op-ed

Proposed budget cuts will have an adverse effect on Arab youth

Lessons of the Covid-19 Epidemic Forgotten: Unrecognized Bedouin Villages in the Negev Face Hunger

More Hi-Tech ? What Israel Really Needs is More Help-Tech

As mental distress rises, health services are falling behind

Video

Online Event: Housing for All in Israel – What We Can Learn from Vienna?

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Video

Online Event: Housing for All in Israel – What We Can Learn from Vienna?

Adva Center, The Van Leer Jerusalem Institute, April 25, 2022

Discussion on the possibility of implementing the policy of “housing for all” in Israel

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Research

The Refiguring of Israel in the Wake of October 7, 2023

Numbers that Reveal Abandonment: Government Allocations to Local Governments in the “Gaza Envelope”

Central Government Subsidies of Municipal Budgets, 1997-2017

Inequality in Government Transfers to Municipalities, 1997-2016

Op-ed

What Happened to 20% of Israel’s Citizens?

The Quality of Municipal Officials Alone Does not Determine the Quality of Municipal Services

Video

Gender Mainstreaming Municipal Policy

Read the Post
Video

Gender Mainstreaming Municipal Policy

February 17, 2016

Three Examples for Gender Audit of Municipal Budgets

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Research

Road Transport, Environment and Equity in Israel

labor rightsstate budgetwealthhousing crisispublic housing
Research

Social Report 2016: Wages are Rising but Fail to Match the Increase in Economic Growth

Shlomo Swirski, Etty Konor-Attias, January 15, 2017
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Adva Center’s annual publication for 2016: The fruits of the economic growth trickle upwards more than down

Download the full report View previous publications

Equality and social justice are not a top priority of the Israeli government, which relies on economic growth to improve the quality of life of all Israelis. Yet, the fruits of the economic growth trickle upwards more than down. Therefore, state intervention is required.

Over the past 2-3 years we have seen a rise in wages which is, inter alia, the result of wage agreements the government signed with the teachers’ unions (“Ofek Hadash” and “Oz LaTmura”) and with public sector employees —  and of an increase in the minimum wage.

Yet, wage disparities are significant. In 2015 the gross monthly income of a household headed by a salaried employee was NIS 4,644 in the lowest decile and  NIS 58,293 in the top decile. The top two deciles (9 and 10) were responsible for some 43.9% of total household income, while the other 8 deciles shared the remaining 56.1%. It is important to note that there are huge gaps within the top decile between the uppermost one percent and the rest.

The problem is rooted in the fact that Israeli governments reduced their capacity for action and primarily their budgetary capacities. The result is the shrinking and narrowing of the social services the state provides: education, health, welfare and social security. In 2014, the total state expenditure (including local government) of 41.2% of the GDP placed Israel alongside the eastern European countries and nations with a tradition of low government expenses such as Canada and New Zealand (which spend less than Israel on security).

Furthermore, Israeli governments are concerned primarily with political and security problems, mainly the Palestinian conflict, expressed in frequent outbursts of violence. Israeli governments do not invest in the development of long-term plans to increase success rates in the matriculation exams, to enlarge the student population or to include the entire Israeli population in the “start-up nation”.

Additional key findings:

  1. Employment and wages: The CEO of a large corporation earns 91 times the minimum wage.
  • The fruits of economic growth continue to “trickle upwards” more than they trickle downwards. This is clearly reflected in the salary bills of senior executives, which increased in 2015 compared with 2014. The most significant increase was in stock options while wages, management fees and bonuses remained more or less the same.
  • The CEOs of the top 100 corporations traded on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange (The TA-100 Index) cost their firms an average annual sum of NIS 5.1M, or NIS 425K per month.
  • The average annual salary bill of the 5 most senior executives of these corporations was NIS 4M, or NIS 337K per month.
  • The gaps between the remuneration of senior executives and other employees continue to be significant: The average pay of CEOs was 44 times the average wage (NIS 9,592 of Israeli employees) and 91 times the minimum wage (NIS 4,650).
  • Inequality in pay exists between genders: women are over-represented in the lower echelons of the salary scale: in 2014, 30.9% of women earned less than the minimum wage, compared to only 16.8% of men.
  • Inequality in pay exists also between other population groups, as follows (2015 data):
  • Native Israelis of Ashkenazi origin earned about 31% more than the average;
  • Native Israelis of Mizrahi origin earned about 14% more than the average;
  • Native Israelis from FSU countries earned about average (1% more);
  • Arab employees earned about two-thirds of the average;
  • Immigrants from Ethiopia and native Israelis of Ethiopian origin earned about half of the average wage.

In November 2016, the average unemployment rate was low – 4.6% – but:

The national rate conceals significant differences among localities and population groups: An analysis by locality shows that Arab localities top the unemployment list, and that the Bedouin localities in the Negev are at the very peak. In the largest Bedouin locality of Rahat the rate of job seekers was 14.4%. Similar rates were found in some of the large Arab localities in the North, including Maghar (14.8%), Sahnin (14.7%), and Umm el Fahem (14.6%). In the majority of Jewish localities, the unemployment rate was lower than 5%, yet, in development towns like Mitzpe Ramon, Dimona and Yeruham, unemployment rates were 9.5%, 9.3% and 8.6% respectively.

  1. Education: Twice as many students in affluent localities compared with the periphery

The highest paying professions usually require a college education.

  • In 2015, only 29.3% of young adults who were 17 years old in 2007 had begun studying in a higher education institution.  Twice as many young Jewish adults were enrolled compared with the number of young Arab adults.
  • In the 2014-15 academic year, 14% of 20-29-year-olds were enrolled in universities and academic colleges. There were significant differences among localities: 21.5% from strong localities vs. 12.6% from Jewish development towns and 9.1% from Arab localities.
  • The low rates of college students are the result of the low percentage of high school graduates eligible for a matriculation certificate. In 2013, for the first time, that figure exceeded 50%, and in 2015 it reached 56%. Nevertheless, 44% of 17-year-olds did not matriculate.
  • 40.7% of Jewish teens who graduated high school in 2007 and enrolled in academic studies before 2015 were graduates of the academic track. This is compared with 32.8% graduates of the vocational track.
  • 77% of high schools in development towns are owned by vocational networks. Any existing vocational high schools in strong localities are usually located in the less affluent neighborhoods.
  1. Health: Jews live 3 years more than Arabs

The social gaps also impact health conditions. The level of health is a reflection of the quality of life, and, in general, of socio-economic status: the quality of nutrition, the environment, housing, the level of awareness of health hazards, and the accessibility of public transportation, employment, and health services. Differences in the general quality of life are translated into 2 main indicators used worldwide to mark gaps in health conditions: infant mortality and life expectancy.

  • The rate of infant mortality in Israel in 2014 was 3.1 (15th place in the OECD). Infant mortality has declined sharply since the 1970s among both Jews and Arabs. Yet, nowadays (2010-14) the rate of infant mortality among Arabs (6.4) is 2.6 times the rate among Jews.
  • Life expectancy is relatively high in Israel: In 2014, the average life expectancy of men was 80.3 years (ranked 6th in the OECD). The average life expectancy of women was 84.1. Even though this figure is higher than that of men, it only placed Israel in the 12th place in the OECD. In addition, while life expectancy is on the rise, it is higher for Jewish men (80.9) than for Arab men (76.9). The life expectancy of Jewish women (84.5) is higher than that of Arab women (81.1).
ashkenazi jewsIsraeli arabshigher educationlabor rightsethiopians israelismizrachi jewsprice of occupationwomenpensionpay gapseconomic growthIsrael: Social Reportmatriculationstate budget

Shlomo Swirski

Researcher and Founding Academic Director
Photo: Amos Ben-Gershom, GPO

One Fell Swoop

Shlomo Swirski, June 3, 2025
View previous publications
צילום: יוסי זמיר, שתילסטוק

Dark Years for Israel: Comments on the Proposed National Budget for 2025

Shlomo Swirski, February 3, 2025
View previous publications

A Military Budget for a Permanent War

Shlomo Swirski, Etty Konor-Attias, August 12, 2024
Download the full report View previous publications

Israel: A Social Report

More on this subject
Photo: Shaula Heitner

Israel – A Social Report 2022: The Inequality Epidemic Still Rages

Shlomo Swirski, Etty Konor-Attias, Barbara Swirski, Shani Bar-On Maman, Yaron Hoffmann Dishon, Aviv Lieberman, May 1, 2022
Download the full report View previous publications

Social Report 2021 – Corona: Epidemic of Inequality

Shlomo Swirski, Etty Konor-Attias, Barbara Swirski, Yaron Hoffmann Dishon, Aviv Lieberman, Yuval Livnat, March 21, 2021
Download the full report View previous publications

Israel – A Social Report 2020: The Public Interest Needs to Return to Center Stage

Shlomo Swirski, Etty Konor-Attias, Aviv Lieberman, February 20, 2020
Download the full report View previous publications

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Information on Equality and Social Justice in Israel

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