{"id":5421,"date":"2015-12-22T11:09:23","date_gmt":"2015-12-22T09:09:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/adva.org\/?p=5421"},"modified":"2021-12-30T21:14:10","modified_gmt":"2021-12-30T19:14:10","slug":"equalpay2015","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/adva.org\/en\/equalpay2015\/","title":{"rendered":"Gender Salary Gaps in Israel 2015"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

In 2014, the average monthly salary of Israeli women was 67% of men’s average\u00a0monthly salary, compared to 68% in 2013. The gender monthly salary gap decreased\u00a0by 4% over the last ten years. If the trend continues, it will take about 80 years\u00a0to close the gap.
\nThe hourly gender pay gap is smaller but consistent: 16% over the last decade,\u00a0with only minor variations. The main reason for this stability is the fact that the\u00a0gap is due to structural characteristics of the labor market, which are difficult to\u00a0alter: significant occupational segregation with lower pay for typical “feminine”\u00a0occupations; under-representation of women in senior management positions;\u00a0working norms that prevent women from making progress, such as especially long\u00a0working hours, and finally, gender stereotypes and discrimination.<\/p>\n

The Jewish\/Arab pay gap is larger than the gender pay gap<\/span>
\nGender pay gaps are greater among Jewish men and women (36%) than among\u00a0Arab men and women (27%). The lower gender pay gap among Arabs is due to\u00a0the low labor force participation of Arab women – 27.6% In 2014. However, the\u00a0majority of employed Arab women have college degrees. For this reason, the\u00a0hourly pay gap among Arabs in Israel is the reverse of the pay gap among Jews\u00a0in Israel: men’s average hourly wage is 92.6% That of women.\u00a0Comparing Jews and Arabs in Israel, the monthly pay gap, in favor of Jewish\u00a0workers, is quite large: 31% among women and 40% among men. Jewish women\u00a0earn on average 6% more than Arab men.<\/p>\n

Women concentrate in the lower income deciles, men at the top<\/span>
\nWhen salaried workers are divided into 10 income brackets (deciles), women\u00a0constitute 61.5% Of salaried persons in the three bottom deciles; men constitute\u00a064% of salaried persons in the three upper deciles. The largest gap is in the top\u00a0decile, of which women constitute less than a quarter.<\/p>\n

The gender pay gap grows as the level of education increases<\/span>
\nWomen aged 25-54 with a college degree earn on average 58% of the monthly\u00a0salary of men with a college education. At the medium levels of education, the\u00a0women earn 69.7% Of what men earn. Finally, among salaried persons with a low\u00a0level of education – up to 12 years of schooling without matriculation \u2013 women’s\u00a0average monthly salary is 65.5% Of that of men.<\/p>\n

Women in managerial professions as well as women in sales and services earn<\/span>
\n less than men<\/span>
\nGender pay gaps exist in both “masculine” and “feminine” professions. There are\u00a0twice as many men as women employed as managers, and they earn on average\u00a026% more per month than women. The good news is that the hourly pay gap\u00a0is lower \u2013 men earn only 14% more than women, and this gap has decreased by\u00a010% since 2012. Regarding sales and service work, 62% of the persons employed\u00a0are women. Women’s average monthly salary is 63% that of men, and the hourly\u00a0pay gap stands at 22.5%.<\/p>\n

The gender pay gap starts in the 25-54 age group and is the largest at ages 65+<\/span>
\nAmong workers aged 15-24, women earn slightly more than men. This is mainly\u00a0because compulsory army service is longer for men than for women. However,\u00a0when we come to the main working ages, which are also the ages of giving birth\u00a0and raising young children, the trend reverses and women earn less. The largest\u00a0gap is at ages 65+ and this is probably due to the fact that the majority of women\u00a0still working are employed in part time, low income jobs such as personal care-giving.<\/p>\n

Compared to European countries, the hourly gender pay gap in israel is in the<\/span>
\n middle range<\/span>
\nComparison of the hourly gender pay gap in 2012 shows countries with relatively\u00a0high gaps \u2013 20% and more – such as Germany, Austria and Estonia, and countries\u00a0with low gaps – less than 10%, such as Luxembourg, Italy and Poland. Israel, with\u00a0a gap of 14.4%, Is among the middle range countries.<\/p>\n

Labor market sexual segregation has a prominent role in explaining gender pay gaps<\/span>
\nAt ages 25-54, 36% of women employed in 2014 were concentrated in 10 professions,compared to 22% of men. The most prevalent professions among women are\u00a0teachers, administrative workers and caregivers, in which salary levels are relatively\u00a0low, even for employees with college degrees. Men are concentrated in high-pay\u00a0technical and managerial professions (managers, computer programming), as well\u00a0as in driving and security occupations. In fact, the average monthly salary of men\u00a0in the 10 most prevalent professions among men was NIS 13,858 in 2014, more\u00a0than double that of women – NIS 6,561. The hourly average pay gap was 33.5%.
\nThe gender pay gap is evident in blue-collar jobs as well: while women employed\u00a0as caregivers and teachers’ assistants earn the minimum wage or less, men\u00a0employed as drivers and guards earn 150%-180% of the minimum wage.
\nAmong women with college degrees, segregation is just as strong. Almost 30%\u00a0of college-educated women are employed as teachers, nurses and social workers.\u00a0Among men with higher education, about 15% are in technical and engineering\u00a0professions and another 5% are professional and senior managers, professions\u00a0in which the average monthly wage is NIS\u00a017,000 or more.<\/p>\n

The Full Report in Hebrew<\/a><\/p>\n

The Hebrew Highlights in Infographics<\/a><\/p>\n

<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Monthly gender pay gaps are decreasing but the process is slow; hourly gaps remain stable<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5422,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19,15,860],"tags":[393,124,388,394],"class_list":["post-5421","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gender","category-employment","category-gender-gaps","tag-gender-inequality","tag-pay-gaps","tag-gender-pay-gaps","tag-women-employment","author-yael-hasson","author-129","post-type-research","category-19","category-15","category-860"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nGender Salary Gaps in Israel 2015 - Adva Center<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/adva.org\/en\/equalpay2015\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Gender Salary Gaps in Israel 2015 - 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